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anthropological revolution Keynes

I'm a liberal?, A collection of essays dell'Adelphi

widely recognized genius Keynesian economist. Forgotten, just as similar to the technocratic hangover of the last thirty years, is its intellectual dimension. A serious limitation, since the two souls entwine into one of the exceptional and its inextricable source of the originality of Keynesian thought. Keynes was even aesthetic, tied to the Bloomsbury Group, was mistress of the painter Duncan Grant, a friend of the writer and critic Lytton Strachey and Virginia Woolf. So much so that before the summa of his economic thought, The General Theory of Interest, and Money 1936, his works were for the most nimble of thought or essays in acute polemical pamphlet that now the Adelphi back to the library by Giorgio La Malfa. I'm a liberal? is the title of the collection contains works at the time known as The end of laissez-faire or the writings dedicated to Newton and Malthus. Keynes, who lived between the wars, in the sunset of his illusions and nineteenth-century Europe, was a spectator of the unexpected leading role of the masses and had plenty of material to turn the page with a mechanistic view of economic relations established with the Enlightenment el ' industrialization.
the eyes of a keen analyst as he, in fact, the pettiness and myopia of the ruling class European or irrational forces unleashed by the story could only lead to a profound critique of utopian concepts classical economics that saw human societies as a perfect set "mechanical clock" where the divine law and to replace its natural order had reached the "invisible hand", the discrete mathematical balance of bourgeois economics. How to justify, in fact, the political and economic crises of that terrible three decades, the succession of speculative and failures, the rigid ideological stupidity with which the political class had reiterated the laissez-faire, by refusing to remedy the manifest inability of self-regulation of the market?
The answer lay in pettiness, fear structural nature of human beings dominated by illusions as fatuous as psychologically necessary or likely to place their perspective in the short and medium term. A reversal of anthropology, in short, to Keynes, that would translate into macro-economic revolution, which gives a very penetrating essay in the Council of Four, chapter at the economic consequences of peace, where he tells the match between the winners of the First World War. The Italian Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, Britain's David Lloyd George and Georges Clemenceau tired all involved because Germany lost the advantage gained from 1870, returning to the French leadership in continental Europe. A small theater that narcissistic tic of a class policy unable to see beyond your nose, and narrow-minded nationalistic reflexes unrealistic prejudices Keynes captures in full, foreshadowing the dramatic consequences. We
in 1919 and a sentence may be enough for all of Keynes: "You can not restore Central Europe to 1870 without creating these tensions in the European structure, and unleash those forces to overwhelm the human and spiritual, transcending borders and races, not only we and our "guarantees" but our institutions and order in our society. " Dramatic global consequences of the closures that allow national English economist to notice the arrival of fascism and a new, more devastating conflict, and review by the deep economic theories based on models refractory to the discoveries of the century: the irrational and the psychological dimensions as decisive as the rational calculation in the conduct of individuals. Those animal spirits (the title of a book by George Akerlof and Robert Shiller) rediscovered the crisis of 2008 after they were again denied by the dominant economic theory, all focused on closed systems and mathematical models, which were nothing if not refined justifications a jungle where the strong dominate. Anchored
this skeptical faith, economic theory of Keynes would have established the need for corrective able to meet the limits of individual action, by definition unstable and contingent. Which meant to revolutionize economic theory, beginning with the questioning of classical theories and marginality, convinced of the ability of individuals to self, to open a model that, taking the limits of the individual, did rely on the ability to reform states. First, to prevent a lag in demand, natural or tilting of the men prevented saving investment, hampering the full expression of the productive capacity of the economic system and penalizing employment. A real change of perspective, as he himself says in the end of laissez-faire, would transform the market utopia based on the natural liberty of the eighteenth century bourgeois human institution that works if the rules which govern it are appropriate and virtuous.

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Bondi Why should resign

Two years business and disaster

Last week came the fourth, maybe fifth fall in Pompeii. This time, two walls in the street Stabiana, while the ruins of the archaeological site you do business means an agreement between Italy and Bulgaria for the movie The Treasures of Pompeii Michelle Bonev, actress so pleasing to Silvio Berlusconi, already generously subsidized for a million euro by RaiCinema. In this regard, the Court of Auditors has opened a file on the gangway of the Venetian Bonev sponsored by the Minister Sandro Bondi. Returning to the collapses, instead of resigning, the Minister invites us not to dramatize. For now, he has been spared the censure motion after the decision of the conference of leaders of Deputies until the close of voting on December 14. After that, who knows if it will still be in office. At least one thing, in fact, is wrongly accused: not having a clear goal, because it is animated by a single pole star, or that investments in culture are meaningless if they are cash immediately. We saw the birth of superdipartimento for the development of museums, headed by Mario Resca, former manager of McDonald's board of directors and Mondadori, a company that has contracted 30% of services for the state museums. This was also seen with cuts, 1 billion in three years, almost 20% of the total, which invested mainly in the protection, reduced by 157 million compared to 2008 (-471 million, compared to 2007). And while it weakened the ordinary structure of the ministry, with a budget of 1.4 billion in 2011 against 7.5 in France, while the superintendents ordinary chaos reigns, those with most potential were the object of special attention.
The concept is clear, throw away what does not make it and put his hand where there's money. Moreover Resca told in no uncertain terms: "The state can and should manage a maximum of 20-30 museums, not 460." Too bad, which not only jeopardize the Italian cultural heritage in what they have unique in the world, dissemination, integration into the social fabric and landscape, you are not bringing any benefit either in the nodes that you would like to guarantee. Just a list of achievements in strategic investments. In November 2009, was appointed commissioner for works of the great Uffizi, Elisabetta Fabbri, who had resigned four months later, after an investigation by the prosecutor of Florence pointed the finger at procurement of major events and the choice of the director of construction, such that Riccardo Micciché Ros technically qualify as "not proven responsibility that has contacts with mafia members in the context of conditioning." In Venice, Vittorio Sgarbi comes in June in 1996 and finally judged in six months and ten days imprisonment for the crime of aggravated forgery and fraud against the State and continued to produce false documents and absenteeism in the same supervision. His appointment was revoked by the Court in August.
In Naples and Pompeii, two commissioners and three superintendents in two years. In a year and a half the last commissioner, a man of Bertolaso, unable to commit almost 40 million euro, only 28% protection, with the results known to all, and partly under review by the judiciary. In Rome, where the Palatine and the Baths of Caracalla continue to be at risk, there's three superintendents in two years, the last of whom, Anna Maria Moretti, interim. At the same time period, supervisors are paired two commissioners, before Bertolaso \u200b\u200bin person and now Roberto Cecchi, Commissioner for the Metro in Rome and Naples. Not to mention the Domus Aurea, headed by Luciano Marchetti, Commissioner for the reconstruction of the Eagle and the tenant of an apartment owned by the Institute of Propaganda Fide. Institute at the center of an investigation because of renovations funded by the recipient through the service company Mibac Arcus. So far, for the news when all studies show that cultural heritage is a strategic sector for economic recovery and image of the country. For this, however, we want to protect and restoration. Politics, you know, who do not cash in half term.

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Ashes West

Last pamphlet Emanuele Severino

What happens when a piece of wood burns? Is destroyed and in its place is a pile of ashes. This, Emanuele Severino, the explanation is nonsense that comes from the Western thought. Meaningless as the idea that one thing is - that there - can suddenly disappear into thin air. An absurd idea that, applied to human beings, filled with fear for the life of nothingness that awaits them after death. A play with a special wire synthesis of these reflections is the last book of the philosopher Brescia THAT 'Intimate hand that holds it together and not be rational in the madness of the West (Vintage, 179 p., 26 €). A small sum of forty years of research, which intersects with particular clarity and theoretical analysis and anthropological-political.
The response to the trauma of becoming, to Severino, is rather simple and reassuring. Is that the disappearance of things can not contradict the Basic Law of the ontology: the impossibility of being becomes nothing. The vanishing of the trunk under the workings of the flames, rather, it will mean his move elsewhere, because "the wood is ash and as such can not become one." Averted the nihilistic vision of the West, so "come forward who remain the eternal being and all this can come back." A penisero already expressed in his last works ( Joy , Destiny and the need Pass), where the philosophy is recognition of the fullness of existence, that is destined for glory as Joy ontological predestined to be, although for eclipse reappear.
Teoresi aside, what is most original in the latter book is an anthropological and political analysis. The accusation against a West convinced that everything that exists and is back to nothing and that this has taken the technique, the ability to create and destroy, at its undisputed leader. The criticism of a discontinuous view of history of cycles in the conflict between them, a fund of violence that justifies murder, because they are already enrolled in the course of things. The protest against a clash of faiths, religious or otherwise, that vie for the world dedicated to the only thing that can make sense once claimed the impossibility of a spiritual and eternal: the will to power.